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For the spindles and arm of the Windsor chair, I start with a log. I want the log to be recently cut so it is still wet. It is much easier to work when it is wet.

How can you tell if a Windsor chair is hand crafted?
One way to tell is to look at the Spindles.

I start with a log, as shown in the photo. I cut the log to length, then split it into 8 pieces using wedges and a mall.

The secret: In the photo, I use a Froe and mallet to rive (split) it into one inch square pieces that will become the spindle. The grain of the wood runs the length of the spindle.

In a factory, the pieces are sawn and the grain may not run with the spindle, thus, it is much weaker so the spindles are made thicker for strength.

I use a Shave Horse vice to hold the Spindle. I am starting to round the Spindle using a Draw Knife.

Two completed spindles are leaning on the shave horse.

Hand-crafted means that the spindles are rived with the grain, making them very thin and strong. Also, since they are made individually, spindles are not all the exact same shape. Most are not exactly round, maybe a little different thickness.

Result: The finished chair has the charm, character and uniqueness of a hand crafted, one-of -a-kind heirloom.